What is IRodology
also known as iridodiagnosis, is an alternative medicine technique that uses the colors, patterns, and various other properties of the iris to assess an individual's general health.
The technique of Iridology is based on the belief that each organ in the human body has a corresponding region in the iris
Ignaz von Peczely first developed iridology after noticing, at the age of eleven, in 1836, a prominent marking appearing at six o’clock in the bottom of the iris in the eye of an owl with a broken leg, that he was freeing from a fence. This left a lasting impression on the young von Peczely.
As it goes, he splinted the injured limb and kept the owl as a pet. He nursed that owl for several years and found later that white lines appeared in the eye, and the dark shade lightened, but never disappeared completely.
Von Peczely started as a practitioner of natural therapeutics then later became a physician after studying at Budapest in 1862 and Vienna in 1864. He studied the eyes of his patients.
Some people have questioned the validity of this story, and called it apocryphal. Nevertheless, he is the first medical professional we know of in the modern day who formulated a structure around the science, particularly developing an iris chart.
He first noticed, as have I, that surgeries develop large black markings in the iris surrounded by white crooked lines, and that pharmacological medication would sometimes produce changes in the iris.
He served prison time during the Hungarian revolution after being made a captive for being part of the revolt.
His first published work appeared in 1873 and they continued into the 1880’s. In 1880 he published Discoveries in the Realm of Nature and Art of Healing (Eutdeckungen auf dem Gebiete der Natur – und Heilkunde).
He wrote a book on Iridology, Discovery In Natural History And Medical Science, A Guide To The Study And D
Von Peczely felt that all disease conditions were reflected in the iris, often before any symptoms are shown.
The power of markings appearing in the iris before a condition appeared in the body confused Von Peczely greatly. Reflecting this is an apocryphal saying attributed to von Peczely – ‘Hic signum ubi ulcus’ (here is the sign but where is the disease)?
Nils Liljequist (1851–1936)
“Liljequist devoted much attention to the study of the colours due to poisonous drugs, and sought to find the characteristic color for each one; for example the dull luster in lead poisoning, the minute glittering points in mercury poisoning, a yellow white in quinine, a gray white in arsenic, a misty gray in opium creosote, a dirty gray in salicylic acid, a light gray in opium poisoning.”
Henry Lindlahr
Henry Lindlahr (March 1, 1862 – March 26, 1924) was the author of one of the cornerstone texts of American naturopathic medicine, Nature Cure, which includes topics about disease suppression versus elimination, hydrotherapy, and the importance of fresh air and sun bathing.
Von Peczely and Liljequist as co discoverers
Some people have credited both Liljequist and von Peczely as being the co discoverers of modern day iridology, based on the idea that some people believe they both came to similar conclusions, independently, not being aware of each other’s work.
Dr Emil Schlegel (1852-1934)
A German homeopath from Tubingen supported Iridology from around 1887. He published a book titled, Ocular Diagnosis, in 1911.
Pastor Emmanuel Felke (1856-1926)
Pastor Emmanuel (sometimes spelled Immanuel), Felke, of German descent, never wrote about his work, although eventually it was published by A. Muller in 1907 and called The Eye Diagnosis Based Upon the Principles of Pastor Felke.
Henry David Lane (formerly Henry Lahn)
Peter Johannes Thiel (1861-1948)
A German iridologist who ran a school of hygiene in Bensheim Germany. Peter Thiel wrote: The Diagnosis of Disease by Observation of the Eye, which was published in 1905 and translated into English, in 1918, by Dr F W Collins.
Dr Anderschou
Published a book in 1916 called Iris Science: Diagnosis of Bodily Diseases Through Examination of the Eye.
Professor Rudolf Schnabel (1882-1962)
Dr Leon Vannier (1880-1963)
French Leon Vannier was a homeopath who utilized iridology. Published Le Diagnostic des Maladies par les Yeux: (The Diagnosis of Diseases by the Eyes – literal translation) Inscopie & Irigraphic. Paris: A Maloine et Fils, 1923. With typed notes on textbook by AN Laws.
Dr Vannier said, “The constitution is seen by the experienced observer but the temperament is perceived.”
Magdalene Madaus (1857-1925)
Magdalene Madaus was a homeopath influenced by Felke including fostering her interest and development in iridology. In 1920 published the journal Iriscorrespondens and a number of works including the book in 1925, Textbook on Iridology with additions of other Diagnoses, Physiognomy, Chirologie. 2nd Edition. Bonn
Manuel Lezaeta Acharan, (1881 – 1959) published his work Eyes Reveal your Health in Chile, South America, in 1930.
Dr. Vincente L. Ferrandiz (born 1894)
Studied initially at Benedict Lust’s American School of Naturopathy. Upon returning to Spain he published Salud y Vida, the Nature cure magazine in 1923. He started schools teaching physiotherapy, massage and botanic medicine and published his book on iridology in 1970.
K. Baumhauer
Wrote “The eye diagnosis, comprehensive treatment for the establishment of disease of the human organism through eye investigation.” (Baumhauer, 1927).
Dr Wirz
Wrote 2 volumes of ‘Der krankheitsbefuned (Diagnose) aus der Regenbogenhaut der Augen. (Signs of illness (diagnosis) of the iris of the eye) (1922, 1927) where he brought out the damaging effects of exposure to mothballs used at the time and how the iris holds indications of poisons.
Heinrich Hense (1865-1955)
Wrote “Eye diagnosis and facial expression information” in 1931.
Kronenberger
Wrote “Iris diagnosis” in 1931.
Frau Pastor Magdalena Madaus’s (1857–1925) daughter, Eva Flink (1886–1959),
from Germany and Hans Struck (1899 – 1963). Flink and Struck in 1935 wrote “Manual of iris diagnosis. 1, The iris diagnosis in practice” which was illustrated by means of 50 iris plates with schematic signs and explanations, as well as brief ruptures of the diseased histories; complemented by photographic sectors, drawings and explanations of individual iris drawings, as well as a comprehensible localization scheme.
Alfred Maubacch (1893-1954)
Alfred Maubach was a student of both Emmanuel Felke and Emil Schlegel. He wrote: Eye diagnosis as constitutional diagnosis, early diagnosis and differential diagnosis in 1952.
Dr F. W. Collins
He was born in New jersey and published Disease diagnosed by observation of the eye in 1919. As one of the teachers of Dr Bernard Jensen, it is said that he made Jensen sketch over 500 iris photos before he graduated!
Henry Lindhlar (1862-1924)
Henry Lindlahr practised in Chicago. Dr Lindlahr published a book called Nature Cure: Philosophy and Practice Based on the Unity of Disease and Cure attempting to express natural cures scientifically. It was later expanded into six volumes. Volume six was his book on Iridology.
He was an American Iridologist whose work advanced the field before later Jensen solidified it in the West. He started as a student of Dr Lane. He published a magazine called Nature Cure.
Dr Lindlahr was a fan of “The healing crisis” which he called housekeeping or cleaning.
He was a huge fan of elimination and hated suppression.
Otis Carroll (1879 – 1962)
Suffered from rheumatic fever and consequently juvenile arthritis when he was young. He was associated with Father Kneipp and underwent treatment to cure his ailment. He then studied botanical medicine and trained from with Henry Lindlahr, in Chicago, from 1904-1908 when he set up a practice in Spokane, Washington til his death in 1962. He used constitutional hydrotherapy with his patients, even treating Dr John Harvey Kellogg’s wife. He had studied iridology with Lahn and Lindlahr and used iris diagnosis on every patient for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes. He also employed fasting and believed in the ‘healing crisis.’
Petar Dimkov (1886-1981)
Petar was from Bulgaria. When he went to St. Petersburg, Russia in 1899 to study at the military academy, he had a prior interest in natural healing, particularly hers, he also went to the medical university for lectures on homeopathy and traditional Tibetan medicine while also reading the works of Dr. Peczely, the father of Iridology. He wrote “Eye Diagnosis.”
Dr John Arnold
Dr Arnold of the U.S.A. changed the name ‘iridiagnosies’ to ‘iris analysis.’ He appreciated that Iridology could be used to see weaknesses in the body long before these weaknesses ever become active and used the new terminology to indicate that conditions within the body could be analysed, rather than diagnosing specific diseases. He was founder of the World Iridology Fellowship. Jensen and Arnold developed an updated iridology chart.
Dr John Christopher (1909-1983)
Dr Christopher, a Mormon doctor, was legendary in his lifetime, and one of the latter proponents of Iridology and Herbalism. His texts School of Natural Healing are considered classics in the field.
Dr Joseph Angerer (1907-1994)
A German author of many textbooks, well-known for his interest and work on pupil borders and pupil signs. Professor Rudolf Schnabel was one of his notable teachers. He was a prisoner of war in the second world war. He held lectures at Ingolstdadt and founded the Heilpraktiker-Fachschule, in Munich, which became known in modern times as the Joseph Angerer Schule. He released a twelve-volume work on iridology called Ophthalmotropic Phenomenology. He was noted for his comprehensive Iris chart.
Josef Angerer did a chart in the 1960’s. He served as physican in WWII Like Deck he was held prisoner in Russia.
Dr Josef Deck (1914-1992)
Dr Deck, from Germany, who became known as Europe’s foremost iridologist, estimated that over 40 years he had looked at over one million eyes. He was considered, alongside Joseph Angerer, to be one of the most well-known Iridologists in Europe at the time and set up a prominent iridology research centre.
Willy Hauser
A student of Josef Deck. Hauser founded the Felke Institute.
Dr H.W Schimmel
Devised many sub types from the division of the three main constitutions. He was a German doctor and authored Constitution and Disposition from the Eye in 1986.
Theodor Kriege
Theodor Kriege of Osnabruck, Germany linked specific iris signs to specific diseases and their treatments. He published his work, Fundamental Basis of Irisdiagnosis: A Concise Textbook, which was translated by A.W. Priest. Essex, England and published by Fowler & Co., Ltd., 1969.
Evgeny S. Velkhover
He is considered the father of Iridology in Russia. He has been head of the department of neurology at Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University in Moscow.
Dr. Iossif E Makartchuk
Iridology Research and Development Specialist in Russia.
Siegfried Rizzi (1914-1987)
Was an Italian Iridologist of note who similarly to Angerer, had a placement for the spleen at 5’ in the left iris ciliary zone. Rizzi, Emilio Ratti and Dr Vincenzo Di Spazio were involved in compiling the iris signs compendiums. Rizzi was the founder of the Italian Iridology Organization.
He taught Dr. Daniele Lo Rito.
Daniele Lo Rito (1954 – )
Is a leading authority on study of the pupil border who studied Iridology with Dr Rizzi from 1980. He practices iridology, homeopathy along with acupuncture and herbal medicine in Italy
Bernard Jensen (1908-2001)
Bernard Jensen started as a chiropractor and is considered the father of North American Iridology and devised charts that later became the most widely used in the world. Bernard was a relentless student who preferred to study than eat or sleep. He was early on in life influenced by a Seventh Day Adventist doctor.
Ellen Tart-Jensen
Ellen married Bernard Jensen’s son Art, so Dr Bernard Jensen was her father in law.
She integrated Jensen’s work with much of the work of Angerer and Deck from Europe to create a more unified field, particularly information Bernard Jensen couldn’t get access to during the Second World War when communication was cut off. She updated the Iridology terminology to be more consistent with terminology from other disciplines that study the eye.
Toni Miller
Toni is a well-known Australian iridologist who practised and was one of the early pioneers of Iridology in Australia. She has been a teacher to me. Toni taught at the Southern Cross Herbal College founded by Denis Stewart from 1983 to 1988, and studied the work of the German Iridologist Joseph Angerer with the Australian Robert Lucy.
Harri Wolf
Translated information from German into English on the subject.
Other well-known Iridologists
Others well-known for supporting iridology studies include:
Dr Unger, Dr Wermuth. Pastor Felke’s students, H. Hense, Alfred Maubach (1893 – 1954), Gunter Lindemann and Dr Anton Markgraf who lectured on iridology for many years and wrote a series of books
. A student of Deck: peter
Also involved were Dr Anderschou from England.
J. Haskel Kritzer
from the USA, published and printed his 5th edition of Text-book of Iridiagnosis in Chicago in 1921, Los Angeles in 1924, with the 7th edition published in 1948 in Los Angeles.
Dr Rene Bourdiol
is known for teaching about pigments, ethics, deontology and iris relief out of the French iridology school.
Modern Day Iridology
Iridology in the modern day has a rich mix of practitioners globally devoted to progressing and improving on the sacred science. Other teachers of note include John ANdrews from the UK, Milo Milosevic in Australia and Bill Caradonna.and Pierre Fragnay from France who wrote books in Fenech on iridology.
Iridology research continues around the world including Australia, United States, Canada, England, Russia, China, South Korea.
Emilio Ratti of Italy and Dr Mikhail Dailakis from Greece have contributed their thoughts to the importance of sclera signs.
also known as iridodiagnosis, is an alternative medicine technique that uses the colors, patterns, and various other properties of the iris to assess an individual's general health.
The technique of Iridology is based on the belief that each organ in the human body has a corresponding region in the iris
Ignaz von Peczely first developed iridology after noticing, at the age of eleven, in 1836, a prominent marking appearing at six o’clock in the bottom of the iris in the eye of an owl with a broken leg, that he was freeing from a fence. This left a lasting impression on the young von Peczely.
As it goes, he splinted the injured limb and kept the owl as a pet. He nursed that owl for several years and found later that white lines appeared in the eye, and the dark shade lightened, but never disappeared completely.
Von Peczely started as a practitioner of natural therapeutics then later became a physician after studying at Budapest in 1862 and Vienna in 1864. He studied the eyes of his patients.
Some people have questioned the validity of this story, and called it apocryphal. Nevertheless, he is the first medical professional we know of in the modern day who formulated a structure around the science, particularly developing an iris chart.
He first noticed, as have I, that surgeries develop large black markings in the iris surrounded by white crooked lines, and that pharmacological medication would sometimes produce changes in the iris.
He served prison time during the Hungarian revolution after being made a captive for being part of the revolt.
His first published work appeared in 1873 and they continued into the 1880’s. In 1880 he published Discoveries in the Realm of Nature and Art of Healing (Eutdeckungen auf dem Gebiete der Natur – und Heilkunde).
He wrote a book on Iridology, Discovery In Natural History And Medical Science, A Guide To The Study And D
Von Peczely felt that all disease conditions were reflected in the iris, often before any symptoms are shown.
The power of markings appearing in the iris before a condition appeared in the body confused Von Peczely greatly. Reflecting this is an apocryphal saying attributed to von Peczely – ‘Hic signum ubi ulcus’ (here is the sign but where is the disease)?
Nils Liljequist (1851–1936)
“Liljequist devoted much attention to the study of the colours due to poisonous drugs, and sought to find the characteristic color for each one; for example the dull luster in lead poisoning, the minute glittering points in mercury poisoning, a yellow white in quinine, a gray white in arsenic, a misty gray in opium creosote, a dirty gray in salicylic acid, a light gray in opium poisoning.”
Henry Lindlahr
Henry Lindlahr (March 1, 1862 – March 26, 1924) was the author of one of the cornerstone texts of American naturopathic medicine, Nature Cure, which includes topics about disease suppression versus elimination, hydrotherapy, and the importance of fresh air and sun bathing.
Von Peczely and Liljequist as co discoverers
Some people have credited both Liljequist and von Peczely as being the co discoverers of modern day iridology, based on the idea that some people believe they both came to similar conclusions, independently, not being aware of each other’s work.
Dr Emil Schlegel (1852-1934)
A German homeopath from Tubingen supported Iridology from around 1887. He published a book titled, Ocular Diagnosis, in 1911.
Pastor Emmanuel Felke (1856-1926)
Pastor Emmanuel (sometimes spelled Immanuel), Felke, of German descent, never wrote about his work, although eventually it was published by A. Muller in 1907 and called The Eye Diagnosis Based Upon the Principles of Pastor Felke.
Henry David Lane (formerly Henry Lahn)
Peter Johannes Thiel (1861-1948)
A German iridologist who ran a school of hygiene in Bensheim Germany. Peter Thiel wrote: The Diagnosis of Disease by Observation of the Eye, which was published in 1905 and translated into English, in 1918, by Dr F W Collins.
Dr Anderschou
Published a book in 1916 called Iris Science: Diagnosis of Bodily Diseases Through Examination of the Eye.
Professor Rudolf Schnabel (1882-1962)
Dr Leon Vannier (1880-1963)
French Leon Vannier was a homeopath who utilized iridology. Published Le Diagnostic des Maladies par les Yeux: (The Diagnosis of Diseases by the Eyes – literal translation) Inscopie & Irigraphic. Paris: A Maloine et Fils, 1923. With typed notes on textbook by AN Laws.
Dr Vannier said, “The constitution is seen by the experienced observer but the temperament is perceived.”
Magdalene Madaus (1857-1925)
Magdalene Madaus was a homeopath influenced by Felke including fostering her interest and development in iridology. In 1920 published the journal Iriscorrespondens and a number of works including the book in 1925, Textbook on Iridology with additions of other Diagnoses, Physiognomy, Chirologie. 2nd Edition. Bonn
Manuel Lezaeta Acharan, (1881 – 1959) published his work Eyes Reveal your Health in Chile, South America, in 1930.
Dr. Vincente L. Ferrandiz (born 1894)
Studied initially at Benedict Lust’s American School of Naturopathy. Upon returning to Spain he published Salud y Vida, the Nature cure magazine in 1923. He started schools teaching physiotherapy, massage and botanic medicine and published his book on iridology in 1970.
K. Baumhauer
Wrote “The eye diagnosis, comprehensive treatment for the establishment of disease of the human organism through eye investigation.” (Baumhauer, 1927).
Dr Wirz
Wrote 2 volumes of ‘Der krankheitsbefuned (Diagnose) aus der Regenbogenhaut der Augen. (Signs of illness (diagnosis) of the iris of the eye) (1922, 1927) where he brought out the damaging effects of exposure to mothballs used at the time and how the iris holds indications of poisons.
Heinrich Hense (1865-1955)
Wrote “Eye diagnosis and facial expression information” in 1931.
Kronenberger
Wrote “Iris diagnosis” in 1931.
Frau Pastor Magdalena Madaus’s (1857–1925) daughter, Eva Flink (1886–1959),
from Germany and Hans Struck (1899 – 1963). Flink and Struck in 1935 wrote “Manual of iris diagnosis. 1, The iris diagnosis in practice” which was illustrated by means of 50 iris plates with schematic signs and explanations, as well as brief ruptures of the diseased histories; complemented by photographic sectors, drawings and explanations of individual iris drawings, as well as a comprehensible localization scheme.
Alfred Maubacch (1893-1954)
Alfred Maubach was a student of both Emmanuel Felke and Emil Schlegel. He wrote: Eye diagnosis as constitutional diagnosis, early diagnosis and differential diagnosis in 1952.
Dr F. W. Collins
He was born in New jersey and published Disease diagnosed by observation of the eye in 1919. As one of the teachers of Dr Bernard Jensen, it is said that he made Jensen sketch over 500 iris photos before he graduated!
Henry Lindhlar (1862-1924)
Henry Lindlahr practised in Chicago. Dr Lindlahr published a book called Nature Cure: Philosophy and Practice Based on the Unity of Disease and Cure attempting to express natural cures scientifically. It was later expanded into six volumes. Volume six was his book on Iridology.
He was an American Iridologist whose work advanced the field before later Jensen solidified it in the West. He started as a student of Dr Lane. He published a magazine called Nature Cure.
Dr Lindlahr was a fan of “The healing crisis” which he called housekeeping or cleaning.
He was a huge fan of elimination and hated suppression.
Otis Carroll (1879 – 1962)
Suffered from rheumatic fever and consequently juvenile arthritis when he was young. He was associated with Father Kneipp and underwent treatment to cure his ailment. He then studied botanical medicine and trained from with Henry Lindlahr, in Chicago, from 1904-1908 when he set up a practice in Spokane, Washington til his death in 1962. He used constitutional hydrotherapy with his patients, even treating Dr John Harvey Kellogg’s wife. He had studied iridology with Lahn and Lindlahr and used iris diagnosis on every patient for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes. He also employed fasting and believed in the ‘healing crisis.’
Petar Dimkov (1886-1981)
Petar was from Bulgaria. When he went to St. Petersburg, Russia in 1899 to study at the military academy, he had a prior interest in natural healing, particularly hers, he also went to the medical university for lectures on homeopathy and traditional Tibetan medicine while also reading the works of Dr. Peczely, the father of Iridology. He wrote “Eye Diagnosis.”
Dr John Arnold
Dr Arnold of the U.S.A. changed the name ‘iridiagnosies’ to ‘iris analysis.’ He appreciated that Iridology could be used to see weaknesses in the body long before these weaknesses ever become active and used the new terminology to indicate that conditions within the body could be analysed, rather than diagnosing specific diseases. He was founder of the World Iridology Fellowship. Jensen and Arnold developed an updated iridology chart.
Dr John Christopher (1909-1983)
Dr Christopher, a Mormon doctor, was legendary in his lifetime, and one of the latter proponents of Iridology and Herbalism. His texts School of Natural Healing are considered classics in the field.
Dr Joseph Angerer (1907-1994)
A German author of many textbooks, well-known for his interest and work on pupil borders and pupil signs. Professor Rudolf Schnabel was one of his notable teachers. He was a prisoner of war in the second world war. He held lectures at Ingolstdadt and founded the Heilpraktiker-Fachschule, in Munich, which became known in modern times as the Joseph Angerer Schule. He released a twelve-volume work on iridology called Ophthalmotropic Phenomenology. He was noted for his comprehensive Iris chart.
Josef Angerer did a chart in the 1960’s. He served as physican in WWII Like Deck he was held prisoner in Russia.
Dr Josef Deck (1914-1992)
Dr Deck, from Germany, who became known as Europe’s foremost iridologist, estimated that over 40 years he had looked at over one million eyes. He was considered, alongside Joseph Angerer, to be one of the most well-known Iridologists in Europe at the time and set up a prominent iridology research centre.
Willy Hauser
A student of Josef Deck. Hauser founded the Felke Institute.
Dr H.W Schimmel
Devised many sub types from the division of the three main constitutions. He was a German doctor and authored Constitution and Disposition from the Eye in 1986.
Theodor Kriege
Theodor Kriege of Osnabruck, Germany linked specific iris signs to specific diseases and their treatments. He published his work, Fundamental Basis of Irisdiagnosis: A Concise Textbook, which was translated by A.W. Priest. Essex, England and published by Fowler & Co., Ltd., 1969.
Evgeny S. Velkhover
He is considered the father of Iridology in Russia. He has been head of the department of neurology at Patrice Lumumba People’s Friendship University in Moscow.
Dr. Iossif E Makartchuk
Iridology Research and Development Specialist in Russia.
Siegfried Rizzi (1914-1987)
Was an Italian Iridologist of note who similarly to Angerer, had a placement for the spleen at 5’ in the left iris ciliary zone. Rizzi, Emilio Ratti and Dr Vincenzo Di Spazio were involved in compiling the iris signs compendiums. Rizzi was the founder of the Italian Iridology Organization.
He taught Dr. Daniele Lo Rito.
Daniele Lo Rito (1954 – )
Is a leading authority on study of the pupil border who studied Iridology with Dr Rizzi from 1980. He practices iridology, homeopathy along with acupuncture and herbal medicine in Italy
Bernard Jensen (1908-2001)
Bernard Jensen started as a chiropractor and is considered the father of North American Iridology and devised charts that later became the most widely used in the world. Bernard was a relentless student who preferred to study than eat or sleep. He was early on in life influenced by a Seventh Day Adventist doctor.
Ellen Tart-Jensen
Ellen married Bernard Jensen’s son Art, so Dr Bernard Jensen was her father in law.
She integrated Jensen’s work with much of the work of Angerer and Deck from Europe to create a more unified field, particularly information Bernard Jensen couldn’t get access to during the Second World War when communication was cut off. She updated the Iridology terminology to be more consistent with terminology from other disciplines that study the eye.
Toni Miller
Toni is a well-known Australian iridologist who practised and was one of the early pioneers of Iridology in Australia. She has been a teacher to me. Toni taught at the Southern Cross Herbal College founded by Denis Stewart from 1983 to 1988, and studied the work of the German Iridologist Joseph Angerer with the Australian Robert Lucy.
Harri Wolf
Translated information from German into English on the subject.
Other well-known Iridologists
Others well-known for supporting iridology studies include:
Dr Unger, Dr Wermuth. Pastor Felke’s students, H. Hense, Alfred Maubach (1893 – 1954), Gunter Lindemann and Dr Anton Markgraf who lectured on iridology for many years and wrote a series of books
. A student of Deck: peter
Also involved were Dr Anderschou from England.
J. Haskel Kritzer
from the USA, published and printed his 5th edition of Text-book of Iridiagnosis in Chicago in 1921, Los Angeles in 1924, with the 7th edition published in 1948 in Los Angeles.
Dr Rene Bourdiol
is known for teaching about pigments, ethics, deontology and iris relief out of the French iridology school.
Modern Day Iridology
Iridology in the modern day has a rich mix of practitioners globally devoted to progressing and improving on the sacred science. Other teachers of note include John ANdrews from the UK, Milo Milosevic in Australia and Bill Caradonna.and Pierre Fragnay from France who wrote books in Fenech on iridology.
Iridology research continues around the world including Australia, United States, Canada, England, Russia, China, South Korea.
Emilio Ratti of Italy and Dr Mikhail Dailakis from Greece have contributed their thoughts to the importance of sclera signs.